As we say goodbye to 2025, let’s delight in its numerical charms one final time. The year was unique this century as being a square number. 44 2 = 1936 45 2 = 2025 46 2 = 2116 And since 45 = 20 + 25, ...

Earlier today I set you the following set of numerical challenges to celebrate the arrival of 2026. Auld lang signs Here is an expression equal to 26 that uses six 1s: (1+1)×(1+1+11) Find expressions ...

Abstract: Modular exponentiation with a large modulus and exponent is a fundamental operation in many public-key cryptosystems. This operation is usually accomplished by repeating modular ...

Abstract: Modular exponentiation is a vital function in public key cryptography. Dozens of protocols, including encryption schemes, signature schemes, pseudorandom functions, and more, perform this ...

Amateur mathematicians are closing in on an unimaginably huge number – one so large that it brushes up on the edge of what is even knowable within the framework of modern mathematics. It all stems ...

Is this documented in the sqrt decomposition page? (BTW should be renamed square root to make it easier to search) I saw it in a Project Euler post but probably saw it elsewhere too. Compute queries ...

The team at Google has been developing new, more efficient algorithms, some of which involve building on work done with approximate modular exponentiation. The team has also been working to improve ...

Problem: Currently, the Java algorithm template does not include an efficient implementation of the fast exponentiation algorithm (also known as exponentiation by squaring). This algorithm is ...

Pi (π) is probably the most famous number in mathematics. Not only have experts studied it extensively, but it also fascinates amateurs: books, films and songs have been dedicated to the number. Part ...

1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China 2 Zhengzhou Kechuang Electronics Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China DNA strand displacement (DSD) ...