WASHINGTON—Senate Republicans detailed major revisions of the House’s giant tax-and-spending bill, offering more permanent business tax breaks, deeper cuts to Medicaid, slower phaseouts for clean-energy tax credits and a much lower cap on the state and local tax deduction.

The Senate’s version of a bill to enact President Trump’s agenda goes further than a House-passed bill to reduce Medicaid spending, according to GOP aides familiar with the legislation. GOP aides