Probabilistic model checking and Markov decision processes (MDPs) form two interlinked branches of formal analysis for systems operating under uncertainty. These techniques offer a mathematical ...

This article is concerned with the (r, q) inventory model, where demand accumulates continuously, but the demand rate at each instant is determined by an underlying stochastic process. The primary ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Writes about the future of finance and technology, follow for more. Joint probability teaches us to calculate combined outcomes.

This study investigates the potential of probabilistic classification to enhance credit-scoring accuracy, with a focus on model validation through reliability thresholds. By quantifying prediction ...