In January, we looked at one of the most commonly used formulas (Formula 1) in hydronic heating design: 500 = fluid factor based on water as the system fluid This formula can be used to determine the ...

Scientific progress is not usually straightforward. Researchers pursue and abandon lines of inquiry. Results languish. Theories take decades to cohere. But sometimes the accumulation of scientific ...

Tests of a proposed friction-factor equation have shown it to be accurate for calculating pressure loss in turbulent flow for a pipeline transporting a non-Newtonian fluid, such as most crude oils and ...

Flow meters are used to measure the rate of flow of liquids or gases, just like electric meters measure the amount of electricity consumed. However, unlike electric meters, which are either ...

Two mathematicians prove that under certain extreme conditions, the Navier-Stokes equations output nonsense. The Navier-Stokes equations capture in a few succinct terms one of the most ubiquitous ...

This is the second of eight articles from our Nozzle Knowledge Series. Prefer to watch a video, click here. Flow rate, the volume of water passing through a nozzle, per unit of time, is clearly an ...