RICHARD J. STIGGINS is widely known as an advocate of classroom assessments in the service of student learning. His long career in testing brought him to that vantage point: He holds a doctorate in ...

Evidence is gathered about student achievement or understanding. The information allows the instructor or learner to alter future instructional steps. It is done to improve learning outcomes (Black & ...

Everything about school provides some sort of formative feedback to students. By formative, we mean “shaping or molding.” Indeed, everything about a learning environment shapes and molds the overall ...

Formative assessments are tools used during instruction to provide real-time feedback, helping both students and educators make immediate improvements. Unlike summative assessments, which evaluate ...

Diana Laurillard of the UCL Knowledge Lab outlines digital instruction methods that help with formative assessment, or assessment for learning, rather than summative assessment for grading. She gives ...

You’ve checked for understanding—now you can use this framework to understand what students’ confusion is telling you, and how you can adjust course.

There are countless ways to assess students. Speaking broadly, two key assessment categories are “summative” and “formative”. Summative assessment, often the most popular one, aims to measure how much ...

Through classroom discussion, reflection, retreats, service-learning programs, volunteer service, and guided conversations among students and faculty, formative education attempts to knit together the ...